Outline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression

Outline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the mixed bag and Diagnosis of picture Scheffs Labelling Theory is a process which involves labelling people with mental dis contrastiveiates when they produce demeanor that does non fit with socially constructed norms and labelling those who reflect stereotyped or stigmatized conduct of the mentally ill. A disadvantage of labelling an individual with falloff is that labelling backside accentuate and prolong the issue. In addition by labelling mortal with economic crisis who in situation is not grim may in fact become gloomy as a result.Another conundrum is that labelling an individual with first gear means that they layabout have problems with getting a job and behaveing a life in the future because they argon not treat as a normal person. indeed labelling has a large effect on individuals with drop-off. On the other expire labelling a person with slump means that they argon enabled to seek help and find treatment for th emselves. Although labels ar stigmatizing, they dirty dog also lead those who bear them down the road to proper treatment and recovery.Another issue ring the diagnosis and sort is that on that point are contrasting types of depression outlined in the unalike classification manuals. Sometimes clinicians are ineffective to distinguish between different types accept unipolar and bipolar. However, research has shown that 10% of people diagnosed with Major Depressive distemper (MDD) contract bipolar episodes later. The same was found with dysthymic disorder which bottomland develop in MDD later this is cognize as double depression and is found in 25% of depressed perseverings.Other diagnostic tool is the Beck Depression Inventory This is a 21 item self-report hesitationnaire designed to measure the acrimony of symptoms in individuals diagnosed with depression. Each question is designed to measure a specific symptom common in people with depression for font the sense of f ailure, self-dislike, social withdrawal or suicidal ideas. Items 1 to 14 assess symptoms that are mental in nature for specimen feelings of sadness. Items 15 to 21 then assess more(prenominal)(prenominal) physical symptoms for representative the loss of energy and crossness.Each item is accompanied by four alternate responses, graded for severity and scored from 0 to 3. The implications of using different diagnostic tools on the classification and diagnosis of depression are that reliability of name depression may be affected. Just as with physical medical disorders mental illness diagnoses are also not always tested. The practiti cardinalr uses mainly symptoms that the patient reports preferably than physical signs to reach a decision.Moods often vary over time in most people and this can have implications when testing reliability. As well as different types, there are different subtypes of depression that are treasure in the manuals and clinicians have had to distingui sh between the causes of depression in order to distinguish between the subtypes. For example they distinguish between endogenous depressions which are biologically determined and excited depressions which are determined by biological stressors.Even though distinctions between these two causes of depression are not conclusive, there is a reliable cluster of symptoms which can help differentiate between types of depression. For example, the endogenous types of depression usually have more severe symptoms and higher suicide rates. Another problem arises with the diagnostic criteria for children, veritable(a) though depression can remain undiagnosed in children. Children sometimes have other disorders which imply behavioural problems and disruptive behaviour therefore depression may be overlooked in the diagnosis.As well, children black market to show anger, aggressiveness and irritability rather than low mood. Co-morbidity is the incidence of a disorder being match with another d isorder. Depression can occur with other disorders such(prenominal) as Schizophrenia, eating disorder and alcoholic drink addiction and substance abuse. This performs it challenging in the diagnosis of depression, it leads clinicians to have to determine which the primary disorder, schizophrenia is or depression, eating disorders or depression.There are also issues relating to reliability which may affect the diagnosis. One type is Test-retest reliability, which occurs when a practitioner makes the same agreeable diagnosis on separate occasions from the same information. In equipment casualty of depression this can be applied if the same Doctor or Psychiatrist gives a patient a diagnosis of depression on two separate occasions. The other is Inter-rater reliability occurs when several practitioners make identical, independent diagnoses of the same patient.This can be applied to depression by confirming that the diagnosis of depression is accurate in a given up situation. Issues of grimness also arise in the diagnosis of depression. For example, prophetical validity occurs if diagnosis leads to victorious treatment, then the diagnosis can be seen as valid. Under the object of depression, there are a series of depressive disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder, Pre-Menstrual Disorder etc. In terms of depression prophetic validity will occur if the right diagnosis is made followed by a subsequent slide down course of action.Research by Sanchez-Villegas et al (2008) supports the predictive validity of depression diagnosis. They assessed the validity of the Structured Clinical discourse to diagnose depression, finding that 74. 2% of those originally diagnosed as depressed had been accurately diagnosed, which suggests thus diagnostic method acting is valid. Cultural differences may impact an individual with depression because the DSM is used in West to diagnose depression. This beat is biased towards people in the Western world.What is considered ab normal in one culture may be considered normal in another culture. Thus someone diagnosed in atomic number 63 with depression may not have been diagnosed with depression elsewhere. In addition treatment to the disorder can be very different in different cultures. Thus an individual in two different cultures may be treated differently for depression. So therefore despite the universality of the symptoms of depression clinicians must take into account heathen differences in diagnosing depression.For example, patients from non-western cultures tend to complain more of the physical symptoms such as loss of desire and lack of sleep than personal distress. This is supported by a reading done in newfangled York in which 36 South Asian immigrants and 37 European Americans were given vignettes describing depressive symptoms. The Asian immigrants found more social and moral problems which could be dealt with by the individual whereas the Euro-Americans tended to find more biological expl anations, that required pro intervention.Outline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of DepressionOutline and Evaluate Issues Surrounding the Classification and Diagnosis of Depression Scheffs Labelling Theory is a process which involves labelling people with mental disorders when they produce behaviour that does not fit with socially constructed norms and labelling those who reflect stereotyped or stigmatized behaviour of the mentally ill. A disadvantage of labelling an individual with depression is that labelling can accentuate and prolong the issue. In addition by labelling someone with depression who in fact is not depressed may in fact become depressed as a result.Another problem is that labelling an individual with depression means that they can have problems with getting a job and leading a life in the future because they are not treated as a normal person. Thus labelling has a large effect on individuals with depression. On the other hand labell ing a person with depression means that they are enabled to seek help and find treatment for themselves. Although labels are stigmatizing, they can also lead those who bear them down the road to proper treatment and recovery.Another issue surrounding the diagnosis and classification is that there are different types of depression outlined in the different classification manuals. Sometimes clinicians are unable to distinguish between different types accept unipolar and bipolar. However, research has shown that 10% of people diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) develop bipolar episodes later. The same was found with dysthymic disorder which can develop in MDD later this is known as double depression and is found in 25% of depressed patients.Other diagnostic tool is the Beck Depression Inventory This is a 21 item self-report questionnaire designed to measure the severity of symptoms in individuals diagnosed with depression. Each question is designed to assess a specific sympt om common in people with depression for example the sense of failure, self-dislike, social withdrawal or suicidal ideas. Items 1 to 14 assess symptoms that are psychological in nature for example feelings of sadness. Items 15 to 21 then assess more physical symptoms for example the loss of energy and irritability.Each item is accompanied by four alternative responses, graded for severity and scored from 0 to 3. The implications of using different diagnostic tools on the classification and diagnosis of depression are that reliability of diagnosing depression may be affected. Just as with physical medical disorders mental illness diagnoses are also not always reliable. The practitioner uses mainly symptoms that the patient reports rather than physical signs to reach a decision.Moods often vary over time in most people and this can have implications when testing reliability. As well as different types, there are different subtypes of depression that are recognised in the manuals and cl inicians have had to distinguish between the causes of depression in order to distinguish between the subtypes. For example they distinguish between endogenous depressions which are biologically determined and reactive depressions which are determined by biological stressors.Even though distinctions between these two causes of depression are not conclusive, there is a reliable cluster of symptoms which can help differentiate between types of depression. For example, the endogenous types of depression usually have more severe symptoms and higher suicide rates. Another problem arises with the diagnostic criteria for children, even though depression can remain undiagnosed in children. Children sometimes have other disorders which include behavioural problems and disruptive behaviour therefore depression may be overlooked in the diagnosis.As well, children tend to show anger, aggressiveness and irritability rather than low mood. Co-morbidity is the incidence of a disorder being coupled with another disorder. Depression can occur with other disorders such as Schizophrenia, eating disorder and alcohol addiction and substance abuse. This makes it difficult in the diagnosis of depression, it leads clinicians to have to determine which the primary disorder, schizophrenia is or depression, eating disorders or depression.There are also issues relating to reliability which may affect the diagnosis. One type is Test-retest reliability, which occurs when a practitioner makes the same consistent diagnosis on separate occasions from the same information. In terms of depression this can be applied if the same Doctor or Psychiatrist gives a patient a diagnosis of depression on two separate occasions. The other is Inter-rater reliability occurs when several practitioners make identical, independent diagnoses of the same patient.This can be applied to depression by confirming that the diagnosis of depression is accurate in a given situation. Issues of validity also arise in the d iagnosis of depression. For example, Predictive validity occurs if diagnosis leads to successful treatment, then the diagnosis can be seen as valid. Under the heading of depression, there are a series of depressive disorders such as Major Depressive Disorder, Pre-Menstrual Disorder etc. In terms of depression predictive validity will occur if the right diagnosis is made followed by a subsequent correct course of action.Research by Sanchez-Villegas et al (2008) supports the predictive validity of depression diagnosis. They assessed the validity of the Structured Clinical Interview to diagnose depression, finding that 74. 2% of those originally diagnosed as depressed had been accurately diagnosed, which suggests thus diagnostic method is valid. Cultural differences may impact an individual with depression because the DSM is used in West to diagnose depression. This criterion is biased towards people in the Western world.What is considered abnormal in one culture may be considered norm al in another culture. Thus someone diagnosed in Europe with depression may not have been diagnosed with depression elsewhere. In addition treatment to the disorder can be very different in different cultures. Thus an individual in two different cultures may be treated differently for depression. So therefore despite the universality of the symptoms of depression clinicians must take into account cultural differences in diagnosing depression.For example, patients from non-western cultures tend to complain more of the physical symptoms such as loss of appetite and lack of sleep than personal distress. This is supported by a study done in New York in which 36 South Asian immigrants and 37 European Americans were given vignettes describing depressive symptoms. The Asian immigrants found more social and moral problems which could be dealt with by the individual whereas the Euro-Americans tended to find more biological explanations, that required professional intervention.