Critical Factors Relating to Customer Expectations Essay

Critical Factors Relating to Customer Expectations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that customers are users of products and services provided by businesses. Every customer has some expectations for the product he/she uses. The attitude a customer shows towards a product largely depends upon the way it is marketed and the customer’s experience with the product. The products or services which match the expected performance of the customer satisfy the customer. In this competitive age, customer satisfaction has become the top priority for businesses. The customer today has become more demanding and is only satisfied as long as his requirements are constantly met. The success of a company largely depends on customer satisfaction and for this, the businesses throughout the world are focusing on measuring and improving the satisfaction level of both internal and external customers. The expectations of the customers are simple; all they desire are timely quality solutions within budget. Meeting these expectations results in customer satisfaction. The basic condition for delivering superior service is to understand customer expectations; customers have preconceived expectations when judging a firm’s service. The Theory of Expectations is the most commonly accepted theory in this regard. It states that the customer has a predetermined standard of expectations and the satisfaction or dissatisfaction results from a comparison between these predetermined sets of expectations and the actual performance of the product or the service. Given the fact that the extent to which customer expectations are met will decide their level of satisfaction from the services, it is very important to understand their expectation in the first place and then to deliver on those expectations. Keiningham and Vavra further explain that the customer satisfaction can be broadly categorized into three zones: the zone of pain where the customer expectations are not met; the zone of mere satisfaction where, although the custo mer expectations are met, but the company is not offering anything unique which would distinguish itself from others in the market. In this case, the customers can easily switch over to similar products offered by other companies and finally is the zone of delight. The zone of delight is that where the customer expectations are not only fully met but are exceeded, which leads to customer loyalty and word of mouth marketing. For instance, iPhones and iPads are more popular among people because the Apple Store has a greater content of music, films, books, TV shows and other multimedia apps which the users can download directly; these are the extra services which ensure customer expectations are exceeded. Types of Customer Expectations Jugulum and Samuel have stated the customer expectations to be of three types: performance, perceptions and outcome expectations. The first two expectations are linked to the products delivered to the customers and for this reason, are also known as the product expectations. The third type of expectation – the outcome expectation – exists in the absence of the products as well. The performance expectations can be measured and revolve around the quality of the product, cost, and availability. Â  

Exams Should Be Abolished Essay Example for Free

Exams Should Be Abolished Essay Exams a word that many students dread to hear, a word that many students fear of, a word that seems to have the magical power to transform a happy and cheerful person into a frustrated and nervous wreck. What are exams and should they been done away with entirely? Exams are longer and more comprehensive versions of tests held every term. Initially created to monitor and check how a student was performing academically, they now have so much more pressure on them that students are burning the midnight oil to study for an exam. This results in some students becoming ill due to stress and lack of sleep. They have become more and more stressful and, even worse, a constriction to the ideal of learning. It is a well known fact that when it comes to exams, students compete, not only with themselves, but with other students. They no longer want to see an increase in their knowledge, but want to beat other people to the top of the class. Even parents take exams as a race to see whose children are more intelligent. Read more: If There Were No Exams Students shouldnt be judged on their performance on one day when they might be ill. The exams might not be completely representative of the students skills as everyone can have a bad day. They are a poor method of assessment as they dont reflect the use of knowledge in a practical environment. They dont reflect how well youll be able to use your knowledge in real world occupations. Many successful individuals are bad at exams but can perform well under other methods of assessment such as essays and oral presentations which still prepare students in coping with pressure. Some people would argue that exams are not a fair assessment of intelligence and arent favourable to those with poor memory skills, those who suffer under pressure, and those who get so nervous in such situations that they shut down in exams. Its  very easy to know content but to completely fail an exam because you are nervous. They arent an accurate representation of a students knowledge as some people are just better at taking exams than others. If you happen to mess up in your exams due to stress or panic then your goals can disintegrate leaving you unable to reach your full potential and having to settle for second best.

The Use of Symbolism in Margaret Laurences Stone Angel Essay -- Stone

The Use of Symbolism in Margaret Laurence's Stone Angel The statue of the stone angel is symbolic of the Currie family pride, Hagar's inability to relate and share her emotions, and the blindness and ignorance that comes from constantly refusing to see things from another point of view other than your own. The Stone angel is symbolic of the Currie family pride because it does not seem to serve it's purpose, which is to honour Hagar's mother who had died giving birth to her. Hagar describes Mrs. Currie to be a "meek woman" and a "feeble ghost", whereas she describes herself to be "stubborn" and "practical". The statue was bought in Italy and brought to the Manawaka cemetery "at a terrible expense . . . in pride to mark her bones and proclaim his [Mr. Currie's] dynasty, as he fancied, forever and a day" (p. 3). Mr. Currie bought the angel "in pride" rather than in grief for someone he considdered his possesion, his "dynasty". The stone angel is also a symbol of Hagar's pride as she inherrited it from her father. It was this pride that kept her from speaking up and fighting for her brother when Mr. Currie sent her away to college to become "more civilized". She knew Matt deserved to go more than her, but she never stuck up for either him or herself. In an attempt at freedom, or maybe just to spite her father, Hagar married Bram Shipley soon after she came back from school. From day one, Hagar's marriage to Bram was a complete embarrassment to her and her family: "When i'd listen to Bram spinning his cobwebs, then it would turn my stomach most of all, not what he said but that he made himself a laughingstock" (p. 114). Upon hearing about their plans to wed, Hagar's father disowns her. Bram was not a rich man by any means, he ... ...itals rise to meet his. he never knew. I never let him know. I never spoke aloud, and i made certain the trembling was all inner . . . i prided myself on keeping my pride intact, like some maidenhood. (p. 81) The stone angel, in additon to being made of hard marble, is "doubley blind". Not only because it is made of stone, but because the artist neglected to add the eyeballs to his masterpiece. This is also symbolic of Hagar because she is blind when it comes to the feelings of others. It prevents her from having a friendship with Lottie. It isn't until it's too late that she realizes she has more in common with lottie than either of them had ever imagined. It also prevents her from seeing that Marvin was the son she'd been looking for, that her pride had been holding her back, and that sometimes the problems of others were of more importance than her own.

Major Benefits Of The Airtraq Health And Social Care Essay

The undermentioned entry lineations my proposal to present the AirtraqA ® Video Intubation ( Airtraq by Prodol, 2010 ) device into the Airway Management Clinical Practice Guidelines of Ambulance Victoria. Endotracheal Intubation ( ETI ) has ever been considered the gilded criterion of airway direction and is presently a MICA merely skill. My proposal is to present a new piece of equipment which will non merely do it easier for MICA trained paramedics, but may take to ALS paramedics one twenty-four hours besides being accredited in ET cannulation. At present Ambulance Victoria do non use any picture laryngoscopy equipment, alternatively trusting on the standard Macintosh laryngoscope and perfect line of sight of the vocal cords to execute the cannulation. Clinical grounds has shown that with the usage of the Airtraq Guided Video Intubation tool successful in increasing cannulation rates, even in awaited hard instances. The Airtraq device is compatible with IFS and RSI cannulations and has even been used in awake patients following consumption of a lignocaine solution. They have been used in morbidly corpulent patients, patients fitted with cervical neckbands, patients restrained in autos following MVA ‘s, and pediatric instances to call a few. They have besides been used as portion of a failed cannulation drill after direct laryngoscopy cannulation was non achieved. This proposal aims chiefly to present the Airtraq as the standard tool used by AV for cannulation, or neglecting that, as the following measure during a hard patient following the failed cannulation bore CPG before making for the cricothyroidotomy scalpel. Kind respects,BackgroundETI is an intricate accomplishment that requires pattern and apprehension in order to execute and keep the proficiency. To set up or keep a patent airway a soft plastic tubing is threaded past the patients vocal cords and into the windpipe. Different methods of interpolation apply and scope from necessitating general anesthesia or local anesthesia to none at all referred to as an awake cannulation. Currently cannulation in Ambulance Victoria is reserved merely for MICA officers due to the terrible reverberations if it is non performed right. However, it is a basis of advanced airway direction and indispensable in clinical scenarios where the patients air passage is compromised or oxygen bringing is imperative such as traumatic encephalon hurt. The accomplishment is non merely used in the prehospital scene but predominately in exigency sections worldwide which is where the bulk of our informations has been sourced from. Paramedics are invariably required to can nulate in less than ideal fortunes out in the field. Any device or tool that would be helpful in helping cannulation and consequence in fewer complications or troubles should be considered earnestly. Macintosh Laryngoscope ( Dimeda, 2009 ) Previous surveies show that paramedic pupils executing traditional Macintosh cannulations required extended preparation that may turn out to be financially unrealistic for an establishment ( Warner et al. , 2010 ) . The survey reported that in order to accomplish high success rates of first-pass ETI, drawn-out preparation plans and patient exposure was required. Whilst it was fortunate that the peculiar university carry oning the survey was attached to an adjoining infirmary, obtaining in-hospital patients to pattern upon may be far more ambitious for most other preparation plans and universities.So what makes the Airtraq different?The Airtraq is preponderantly based upon the Macintosh laryngoscope design. Both are long metallic blades aimed at making the groove channel to let for a good visual of the vocal cords. However the differences between the two designs and the subsequent positive consequences are good documented. AirtraqA ® Laryngoscope ( Enayah, 2010 ) There is marked curvature toward the tip of the Airtraq blade, ensuing in less manoeuvring and force per unit area during interpolation, hence supplying less opportunity of dental injury. More significantly, the in-built optical camera placed at the distal tip of the blade is designed to give the best possible position of vocal cords with the mini proctor built into the grip of the device. The two most common landmarks used during interpolation ( vallecula channel for Macintosh and epiglottis for Miller blade ) can both be used with the Airtraq, doing it a really various pick for those coming to work in Victoria from interstate of abroad ambulance services. There is the option of an extra radio proctor to give a larger image of the camera position and provides a docking station in instance charging is required. It besides integrates an anti-fog system to give the best opportunity at a clear position. Additionally the Airtraq is a individual usage disposable device that wholly cuts out any cross-contamination hazards that may originate due to improper cleansing after usage. A survey performed in the UK comparing proficiency of medical pupils with no anterior advanced airway direction preparation, provides cardinal grounds in favor of the Airtraq being used amongst ALS and MICA crew likewise. The survey compared a scope of state of affairss including normal air passages in supine place, left sidelong place, during cervical immobilization and in a pharyngeal obstructor scenario. They so evaluated the figure of cannulation efforts, figure of optimization tactics ( seting of the caput, bougie, helper ) , continuance of the cannulation efforts and dental injury caused ( Maharaj, Costello, Higgins, Harte & A ; Laffey, 2007 ) . Across the board there were better consequences recorded with the Airtraq – pupils stated it was easier to utilize, they had less trouble, cannulation times were shorter and tactics and incidence of dental injury were significantly lower compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope. The survey so went on to re-test the participants in 6 months clip in order to measure a â€Å" impairment in cannulation accomplishments † ( Maharaj et al. , 2007 ) . Consequences in favor of the Airtraq once more proved positive, frequently demoing about dual the success rate when utilizing the Airtraq. 90 % of Airtraq cannulations required zero optimization maneuverers compared to 50 % whilst utilizing the Macintosh. This information tells us that there is the possible to do ETI far easier and safer for paramedics whilst utilizing this tool compared to the current Macintosh laryngoscope. It so shows us that because of the design of the Airtraq, even if the medical practician has non used the device in a important clip, they are more likely to be able to cannulate right and rapidly utilizing the Airtraq. This would be wondrous good for those MICA staff that have n't performed ETI for a piece and are experiencing rusty. It besides shows possible that possibly in the hereafter, ETI could perchance be introduced to ALS paramedics provided a thorough and supportive preparation plan can be provided.Major benefits of the AirtraqAs the population becomes older, less active and increasingly more corpulent, new techniques and get bying schemes will necessitate to be devised to battle progressively hard cannulations. Taking patients that were undergoing bariatric surgery, a survey was performed to find the best manner in which to use the Airtraq in respects to way of interpolation ( Dhonneur et al. , 2007 ) . In mean leaden patients it is practical to utilize the standard method of laryngoscope interpolation without excessively many complications. However in morbidly corpulent patients a somewhat different method was developed to battle the extra fatty tissues barricading the throat. The blade can be inserted with the curve rotated 180A ° prior, so rotated into the normal pharyngeal place known as a contrary tactic. This process was shown to diminish cannulation times during the survey which is ideal and implies that the patient will hold the shortest clip possible in between oxygenation and airings with this method. Difficult cannulations including corpulent patients have been reported to take 4 times every bit long as standard cannulations ( Dhonneur et al. , 2007 ) so safely and efficaciously cut downing interpolation times is overriding when researching new methods and tools. An extended survey was performed to find if the Airtraq truly was every bit adept as it claimed to be when used in concurrence with patients that has suffered from spinal hurts and had later been fitted with cervical neckband. The survey was performed utilizing patients undergoing surgery whom had no anterior or current spinal injury. Alternatively motions between occipital and cervical sections were measured utilizing skiagraphy and the information was recorded in grades of angle ( Hirabayashi, Fujita, Seo & A ; Sugimoto, 2008 ) . Again, this research compared between the Macintosh laryngoscope and the Airtraq. Whilst both devices used did make some extension motion when cannulation was performed, the Numberss were still lower and in favor of the Airtraq. The research workers used the patients impersonal head place as the baseline figure and found that divergences in spinal angles were smaller, sometimes up to 40 % compared with the Macintosh. The article besides finished by saying that the troubles in go throughing a ET tubing down through the vocal cords utilizing a Macintosh blade ( being unable to put patient in the sniffing place ) would ask significant and accordingly, a important angulation of the laryngoscope ( Hirabayashi, 2008 ) . However in contrast the Airtraq has a built in counsel channel for weaving the ET tubing into the windpipe when cords have been adequately visualised. This would ensue in a decrease of motion bing less possible for spinal hurts caused by cannulation injury. Whilst old surveies had recorded and analysed the clip it took to execute cannulation with Airtraq ( Nowicki et al. , 2009 ) , this survey specifically showed scope of motion alternatively of clip and velocity.Discussion and DecisionThe information gathered in this proposal is designed to demo the board that the Airtraq device has superior effectivity when comparing cannulation consequences against the standard Macintosh laryngoscope. The curvature of the blade and camera make it far easier to visualize vocal cords whilst the patient is supine or even sitting. Cannulations performed were systematically faster and required fewer efforts than normal. The Airtraq system has proven it has a rapid acquisition curve with novitiates and professionals likewise being able to visualize class 1 cords rapidly, easy and still be far more effectual than the options at a ulterior day of the month after nothing exposure. The device has shown its ego to be the preferable tool when cannulating the corpulent or spinally immobilised. It was documented that the Airtraq did non raise blood force per unit area up by 50mmHg after cannulation unlike its Macintosh equivalent ( Maharaj et al. , 2008 ) . The Airtraq caused less dental injury and soft tissue hurt. Was suited and encouraged during hard cannulations state of affairss such as spinal hurts, corpulent patients, tissue hydrops These points and more are presumptively what a paramedic would look for in an cannulation tool if given the option. If given the pick between what is presently in usage and the easier, safer and more various option, the Airtraq appears to be a clear victor. Compatible with both IFS and RSI guidelines the Airtraq would comfortably steal into our presently used cannulation CPG ‘s and could potentially replace the Macintosh wholly. The possible cost factors at buying the disposable tool would hopefully be seen as secondary to its benefits for both the patient and the paramedic. Logistically buying the new device would hold to be determined informations exposing how many cannulations MICA performs on a regular footing. Using the Airtraq would potentially alter the manner we think about cannulation and let it to go incorporate into the ALS accomplishment set. More research would be required into uniting the Airtraq without the terrible paralytic drugs such suxamethonium used in RSI and whether it could be a possible option for ALS paramedics. Considerations for extra CPG information are included below. Airtraq by Prodol. ( 2010 ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //airtraq.com/airtraq/portal.portal.action Dhonneur, G. , Ndoko, S. K. , Amathieu, R. , Attias, A. , Housseini, L. E. L. , Polliand, C. , & A ; Tual, L. ( 2007 ) . A comparing of two techniques for infixing the Airtraq laryngoscope in morbidly corpulent patients. Anaesthesia, 62, 774-777 Dimeda ( 2009 ) . Dimeda Surgical Instruments. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dimeda.de/images/laryngoscope.jpg Enayah, A. ( 2010 ) . Emergency and Critical Care Solutions. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.al-enayah.com/Product.html Hirabayashi, Y. , Fujita, A. , Seo, N. , & A ; Sugimoto, H. ( 2008 ) A comparing of cervical spine motion during laryngoscopy utilizing the Airtraq or Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia, 63, 635-640. Maharaj, C. H. , Costello, J. , Higgins, B. D. , Harte, B. H. , & A ; Laffey, J. G. ( 2007 ) . Retention of tracheal cannulation accomplishments by novice forces: a comparing of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes. Anaesthesia, 62, 272-27. Maharaj, C. H. , Costello, J. , Higgins, B. D. , Harte, B. H. , & A ; Laffey, J. G. ( 2008 ) . Evaluation of the Airtraq and Macintosh laryngoscopes in patients at increased hazard for hard tracheal cannulation. Anaesthesia, 63, 182-188 Nowicki, T. A. , Suozzi, J. C. , Dziedzic, M. , Kamin, R. , Donahue, S. , & A ; Robinson, K. ( 2009 ) Comparison of usage of the Airtraq with direct laryngoscopy by paramedics in the fake air passage. Prehospital Emergency Care, 13 ( 1 ) , 75-80 Warner, K. J. , Carlbom, D. , Cooke, C. R. , Bulger, E. M. , Copass, M. K. , & A ; Sharar, S. R. ( 2010 ) . Paramedic preparation for adept prehospital endotracheal cannulation. Prehospital Emergency Care, 14 ( 1 ) , 103-108.

The Great War

1) What were the three blunders? germany attacking france with all their forces to east of paris where they were stopped dead at battle of Marne France threw all their best troops against germany; and didnà ¢t have enough strenghth to follow up Russia didnà ¢t know what to do once they were at germany and had no plans for defending the land they occupied 2) Trace the advance of the German, Austrian and Russian armed forces in the east The Germans advanced into Russia, the Russians advanced into Austria, and then the armies of the three powers paused for the winter 3) How did the great European powers fee their men , money, and munitions into the Western and Eastern fronts? Russia was human reservoir, the governments raised taxes and borrowed money to spend on the soldiers and geared their industries to the new markets of human destruction and turned out weapons 4) a. What was the à ¢delivery systemà ¢ of the European armies? the railway network of Europe b. Describe the challenges of this à ¢delivery systems.à ¢ Before the railway system brought people of Europe closer together in peaceful trade, now held them fast in war; the generals demand more men, more guns, and more shells to hammer the enemy 5) What battle patterns did generals follow on the Western front? The two sides, each made up of millions of men, confronted each other below ground level 6) a. Why did Turkey enter the war? Turkey entered the war on the side of Germany and Austia, with the intention of halting Russian expansion around the black sea b. What was the purpose of the first campaign at Gallipoli? Gallipoli campaigne was intended to force a way through the straits of the Dardanelles into the black sea c. What was the purpose of the second and third campaigns the second was to win control of oil supplies, the third was to help arabs in a revolt against their Turkish rulers d. What was the purpose of the Sykes-Picot agreement in 1916? the British and French governments planned to divide much of the middle east between them with little thought for the interest of the Arabs 7) How did Britain and France entice

Karst Topography and Sinkholes

Karst Topography and Sinkholes Limestone, with its high calcium carbonate content, is easily dissolved in the acids produced by organic materials. About 10% of the earths land (and 15% of the United States) surface consists of soluble limestone, which can be easily dissolved by the weak solution of carbonic acid found in underground water. How Karst Topography Forms When limestone interacts with underground water, the water dissolves the limestone to form karst topography - an amalgamation of caves, underground channels, and a rough and bumpy ground surface. Karst topography is named for the Kras plateau region of eastern Italy and western Slovenia (Kras is Karst in German for barren land). The underground water of karst topography carves our impressive channels and caves that are susceptible to collapse from the surface. When enough limestone is eroded from underground, a sinkhole (also called a doline) may develop. Sinkholes are depressions that form when a portion of the lithosphere below is eroded away. Sinkholes Can Vary in Size Sinkholes can range in size from a few feet or meters to over 100 meters (300 feet) deep. Theyve been known to swallow cars, homes, businesses, and other structures. Sinkholes are common in Florida where theyre often caused by the loss of groundwater from pumping. A sinkhole can even collapse through the roof of an underground cavern and form whats known as a collapse sinkhole, which can become a portal into a deep underground cavern. While there are caverns located around the world, not all have been explored. Many still elude spelunkers as there is no opening to the cave from the earths surface. Karst Caves Inside karst caves, one might find a wide range of speleothems - structures created by the deposition of slowly dripping calcium carbonate solutions. Dripstones provide the point where slowly dripping water turns into stalactites (those structures which hang from the ceilings of caverns), over thousands of years which drip onto the ground, slowly forming stalagmites. When stalactites and stalagmites meet, they forum cohesive columns of rock. Tourists flock to caverns where beautiful displays of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other stunning images of karst topography can be seen. Karst topography forms the worlds longest cave system - the Mammoth Cave system of Kentucky is over 350 miles (560 km) long. Karst topography can also be found extensively in the Shan Plateau of China, Nullarbor Region of Australia, the Atlas Mountains of northern Africa, the Appalachian Mountains of the U.S., Belo Horizonte of Brazil, and the Carpathian Basin of Southern Europe.

chinas one child policy essays

china's one child policy essays In our society, the United States, children are seen potentially as the future. Whether they are male or female they have the power to do something when they grow up, but if their life is cut short, the opportunity to do so is taken away. Throughout centuries China has been battling with overpopulation. With a population of 1.3 billion (ODonnell, Lynne), China is the most populated nation in the world. The country attempted to cure some of its population woes by establishing the one-child policy. This policy was passed in 1979, and it restricts how many children each Chinese family can have. The controversy surrounding the issue is whether or not China should keep this policy existing. Some would say yes because it controls the population growth, and if we dont control it, the world will go in debt. Some even think more countries should pass policy like China has. On the other hand, some feel the policy should be banned because of the childrens lives that are being put at risk. The policy known as the one-child policy restricts urban couples to one child and allows rural couples a second child if their first is a girl (LexisNexis, Aug. 9, 2001). If families have children illegally they are subjected to harsh punishment including jailing and trying them in kangaroo courts, razing their houses and confiscating farm animals (LexisNexis, Sep. 1, 2002). Since the beginning of time, females were always seen as Montgomery Page 2 being inferior to males in any society. The females ultimate duties were to have and take care of the children, the household duties, and be the servant to their husbands while the males worked and took care of the family in terms of financial status. In China, the males are the ones that the majority of the couples choose because they are the ones who not only carry on the family name, but they also stay with the ...

Whats the Minimum SAT Score for College

What's the Minimum SAT Score for College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Preparing for college applications can feel confusing, overwhelming, and demanding. If you’re nervous about the SAT (or college admissions in general), you may be worried about how low of a test score you can afford to get if you still want a shot at college. You might even be wondering how low of a score on the SAT is even possible. In this article I’ll discuss the lowest possible SAT score and why it’s unlikely to happen to you. I’ll also provide advice on determining the lowest SAT score you can get and still have a reasonable chance at a given school, and what that means in terms of choosing which schools to apply for and what score to aim for.Finally, I’ll discuss some things you can do if your score seems too low for any of the colleges you want to attend. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Get? The revised SAT is out of 1600 points. The Math section is worth up to 800 points, and the Reading and Writing tests combine into the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section for the other 800 possible points. The lowest possible score on either section is 200 points. So if you got 200 points on Math and 200 on Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you’d have 400 points. So the minimum SAT score is 400. For reference, an average score would be around 1000. 400 is the score you would get if you answered zero questions correctly on any of the tests, or if you just left your entire test blank and took a nap. Getting the lowest possible score is not a common occurrence! In previous years fewer people have gotten the lowest possible score in the SAT than have received perfect scores, so it is highly unlikely to happen to you. (Unless you really do leave every question blank, in which case it will definitely happen to you, sorry.) Cute dog. Terrible test-taking strategy. What SAT Score Would You Get if You Guessed Completely Randomly? To underscore how unlikely it is that you would get a 400 making a good faith effort on the SAT, let’s consider the approximate score you would be likely to get if you guessed completely randomly on every question. Multiple-choice questions on the SAT have 4 answer choices, so you have a 25% chance of guessing the correct answer. On the Math free-response questions, known as grid-ins, your chance of randomly guessing the correct answer is low enough that I’m going to round down to 0% and assume if you randomly guessed on those you would get them wrong. The Reading test has 52 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get (.25) x 52 of them correct. That works out to 13. The Writing test has 44 questions. Guessing randomly, you could expect to get 11 of them correct (.25 x 44 = 11). The Math test has 45 multiple choice and 13 grid-ins. Assuming you get 0 points on the grid-ins, you could expect to get (.25) x 45 questions correct, which is about 11. We’ll based our approximate score calculations on theSample Scoring Guide for Practice Test 1. According to this sample scoring guide, 13 correct questions on Reading gives you a â€Å"Reading Test Score† of 19 (out of 40). 11 points on Writing gives you a â€Å"Writing Test Score† of 16 out of 40.Adding up the 19 on Reading and 11 on Writing gives you a 30 out of 80. If we multiply that by 10 we get 300 for the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score, which is a good margin above the minimum of 200.For Math, 11 correct answers would give you a Math section score of approximately 340; well above the minimum of 200. If we add together the 340 from Math and the 300 from Evidence-Based Reading and Writing we get 640. Even guessing completely randomly and leaving all grid-ins blank, you would get over 200 points higher than the minimumSAT score. Random guessing: another dubious strategy. What's the Lowest SAT Score You Can Have and Still Get Into College? Beyond the lowest possible score, you may want to know what is the minimum SAT score for college admissions.The answer to that is that it depends- mostly on the college in question, but also to a certain extent on your other qualifications. In general, the more selective a school is, the higher your SAT scores will need to be for you to have a chance at admission. For a top-tier school like Harvard or MIT, you’ll need to break 1400 for a shot (and that would be a pretty low-end score for a selective school). For a selective public institution like University of Michigan, you’ll want to hit at least 1300. Less selective public institutions, as well as many small liberal arts colleges, regularly accept applicants in the 950-1050 range. (Note: these score numbers are based off the middle 50% of admitted students for these schools, converted from the old 2400-point SAT scale). Public universities in your state may also accept residents with scores on the lower end of the scale depending on their policies and your other qualifications. For example, for Texas residents, UT Austin guarantees admission to anyone in the top 7% of their graduating high school class, and there are other public Texas universities that assure admission for the top 10%. You may still need to submit test scores for these schools for placement purposes, but low scores won’t keep you from being admitted. Another thing to note is that specialty schools like art schools and music conservatories also often have lower SAT score expectations for their applicants, because student applications are much more heavily weighted towards things like portfolios and performance tapes. The truth is that it’s difficult to pinpoint the absolute lowest score you can get and still have a chance at a particular school because colleges and universities generally admit candidates along a range of test scores. However, you can get an idea. On their admissions websites, most schools provide the test score range for the 25th-75th percentiles of their own admitted student pool- the â€Å"middle 50%.† This is a reliable way to get a decent idea of what kind of score you need to get to be a viable candidate for admission. I would say a score a little below the 25th percentile (think 10 points) is the lowest score you can get and reasonably expect to have any sort of a chance at admission- and even with other strong parts in your application, that score would make the school a reach for you. By contrast, if your score is decently (50+) above the 75th percentile mark, you’re in a great position. Sample Middle 50% Ranges and Low/High Scores Low Score Middle 50% High Score 980 990-1190 1240 1120 1130 - 1260 1310 1190 1200-1360 1410 1290 1300-1430 1480 1310 1320-1470 1520 1360 1370-1520 1570 1390 1400-1580 1600 1420 1430-1590 1600 You might be thinking: if I have a score that’s just below the 25th percentile, doesn’t that mean that people with lower scores than me probably got in? Yes, it does. But there are always outliers- people who had other specific qualifications or strengths that the college was looking for in particular. No doubt you also have unique strengths and talents that you should emphasize in college applications! And if your dream school’s middle 50% is 1100-1300 and your score is 1020, by all means apply to it as a reach school, understanding that the rest of your application will need to be truly stellar for you to have a chance. You should never assume that you are going to be one of the outliers who gets in with an SAT score at the lowest conceivable end of the admit range. That’s why it’s important to apply to a variety of schools, where your score falls in different places relative to the middle 50% of admitted students. Buthow do you go about choosing schools to apply to based on your SAT score? The only choice more significant than where to apply to college is what gelato flavor to enjoy. Choosing Schools to Apply to Based on Your SAT Scores If you’re picking schools to apply to based on an SAT score, you’ll want some that are safety schools, some that are match schools, and some that are reach schools. What does this mean? Well, in general, a safety school is one where you exceed the usual criteria for admission, a match school is one where you meet the usual criteria for admission, and a reach school is one where you fall just under the usual criteria for admission. In terms of test scores and the middle 50% range, a safety school is one where your score well exceeds the middle 50% range (think 50+ points), a match school is one where you fall in within the middle 50%, preferably in the higher end, or just above, and a reach school is one where you fall in the bottom end or just below the middle 50%. Note that even if you got a perfect 1600, highly selective schools like Stanford, the Ivies, etc, are reach schools for everyone simply because admission is so competitive. Let’s go through an example. Say Lupita got a 1290 on her SAT. How should she consider her chances at the following schools she is interested in? Boston College – middle 50% range: 1300-1430 As Lupita’s score is just below the bottom of the mid-50% range for Boston College, we would consider this a reach school. She certainly has a shot at getting in, particularly if her other qualifications are on par with the school’s admits, but her scores would put her in the bottom 25% of admitted students. SUNY-Binghampton – middle 50% range: 1200 - 1360 With a 1290, Lupita is in the higher end of the middle 50% for this school. Assuming her other qualifications (GPA, etc) are similarly placed relative to other admits, this is a good match school for her. SUNY-Albany – middle 50% range: 1090-1240 With a score 50 points above this middle 50% range for SUNY-Albany, Lupita has a great chance of getting in (again, with the caveat that her other qualifications are similarly positioned). This is a good safety school for her. The University of Portland – middle 50% range of 1110-1280 Lupita’s score of 1290 is just 10 points above the middle 50% range for this school. Her score isn’t really high enough to consider the University of Portland a safety school, but this makes it a strong match for Lupita. Of course, there are other factors than test scores in choosing safety, match, and reach schools. Schools also usually provide information about the GPA and class ranks of their admitted students, so you’ll want to consider those factors as well. If you’re on the low end of the middle 50% in test scores, but way on the high end for GPA and class rank, it could be a match school.Unique talents or other interesting qualifications can also go a long way towards mitigating a test score that’s a little on the low end for a particular school. But what if you already have schools in mind, and you haven’t taken the SAT yet? How should you determine what score to aim for? Targets: not just for darts. Choosing a Goal SAT Score Based on Your Dream Schools If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, but you have some schools in mind, you can set a goal score for the SAT. The ideal target score is the highest 75th percentile score for the middle 50% of all the schools you are interested in. This way even if you fall a little short, you’ll still have a great shot at most of the schools on your list. First, you’ll want to make a list of the schools you are considering. Then,look up the middle 50% range of each of the remaining schools on your list. Write down the top number of the middle 50% - the 75th percentile - for each school. You can do this for total score, by section, or both- whatever is most useful for you. There are a couple caveats here: Since the new SAT was just rolled out, all middle 50% scores will be on the old 2400-point scale. You can convert the composite score to get a decent estimate(multiply it by 1600 and then divide that by 2400) but for section scores you can just ignore the writing section, or average critical reading and writing. Next year the data will be on the 1600-point scale and things will be simpler. Also, some schools don’t report all subscores and only resport total scores; this is just something be aware of. Finally, find the highest score in the list of 75th percentile scores. That’s your goal score!Let’s do an example. Say Diego is interested in the following schools: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Indiana University Purdue University University of Chicago Notre Dame University Now we fill out our middle 50% table. (I’ve already converted scores to the 1600-point scale where necessary, and schools where reading and math subscores weren’t reported- in this case, all of them- get an n/a in those columns). Sample Chart: Diego's Target Score Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th University of Illinois (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1320 1470 Indiana University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1100 1290 Purdue University (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1090 1300 University of Chicago (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1450 1550 Notre Dame (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) (n/a) 1400 1530 Target Score: 1550 So, based on his list of schools, Diego’s goal score should be a 1550. If he can score (or beat!) a 1550, he’ll be in a great position. But even if he falls a little short and gets a 1530 or 1540, he'll be in a great position for most of the schools he is interested in. Diego climbing SAT mountain. You may want to use the following table to make your own list: Name of College/ University SAT Reading 25th SAT Reading 75th SAT Math 25th SAT Math 75th SAT Composite 25th SAT Composite 75th Target Score: This method will allow you to calculate a goal SAT score based on schools you are interested in.But what if you take the SAT and when your scores get back, it looks like every school you are interested in is a reach? What should you do then? Based on my SAT Score, Every School I'm Interested in Is a Reach! If you get your SAT scores back and they are a lot lower than you were aiming for, you may be concerned that every school you’re interested in is a reach. Here are seven strategies you could use to address this dilemma. Are you this kitty, stranded halfway up? Don't worry! Prep for the SAT and Take It Again You may have simply been been underprepared for the SAT. In this case, you will need to prepare rigorously and take it again. You might try a targeted, personalized test-prep program like ours, working with prep books (see this article for a guide to the best prep books for the revised SAT), and/or the College Board + Khan Academy SAT practice program. See our guide to the pros and cons of all prep methods. If you have a few months left before your college deadlines, taking the test again is probably your best bet. Take the ACT Instead The ACT and the SAT used to be quite different- enough that students would perform very differently on them. This isn’t as true anymore because the revised SAT is very similar to the ACT. However, if you are particularly scientifically literate, the fact that the ACT has an entire Science section score could help you. Other more minor differences may help you get a slightly higher score on the ACT if you are just hoping for a little boost. Evaluate if You Need Testing Accommodations If you feel you have underperformed on your SAT because you have a medical condition, learning disability, or psychiatric disorder, you may qualify for special testing accommodations. Especially if you are on an IEP or a 504 plan at your school, it is likely that you are both eligible for and would benefit from test accommodations. Bear in mind that this a time-consuming process so you need to request them early! Adjust Your Expectations If you score is too low for all the colleges on your list, look at some less selective colleges. 1350 may be too low for Johns Hopkins, but it’s a solid score for Boston University. There’s a huge universe of colleges out there, and there are probably less selective schools that have the things you are looking for. Apply to Schools That Accept Alternate Scores Some schools will accept AP Exam Scores or SAT Subject Test Scores in lieu of more traditional SAT or ACT exam scores. If you’ve already performed well on AP exams or you feel you could do well on particular Subject Tests, this could be a good strategy for you.Examples of schools that accept alternate tests include: Colorado College- Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. Colby College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Middlebury College - Accepts 3 SAT Subject Tests in lieu of ACT/SAT. Hamilton College - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. New York University - Accepts various combinations of AP, IB, and SAT Subject Test scores in lieu of the ACT/SAT. See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-flexiblecolleges. Alternate testing schools are so alternative. Apply to Test-Optional Schools Still other colleges have implemented test-optional admissions. This means that, while you can send standardized test scores as a bonus or qualification with your application, they are not required. In this case, your GPA, course records, essay, recommendation letters, and other application materials will be the determining factors in your admission- not your test scores. Though a fairly newfangled notion in college admissions, several high-quality schools have implemented test-optional policies. This seems eminently reasonable in light of the fact that there are some courses of study where you may not take hardly any tests, and certainly not many long, grueling, marathon-style standardized ones. Test-optional schools are a particularly good strategy for applicants who are good students but poor standardized test takers. Schools that are test-optional include: Wake-Forest University, NC Bates College, Maine Wesleyan University, CT Bowdoin College, Maine American University, Washington DC Mt. Holyoke College, MA (women’s college) Sarah Lawrence College, NY (women’s college) Bryn Mawr College, Pennsylvania (women’s college) Smith College, MA (women’s college) See a more comprehensive list of test-optional and test-deemphazised colleges at Fairtest.org. Go to Community College Maybe your score is low enough that even if you lower your expectations, you’re worried there aren’t any schools that will accept you. But you can still pursue higher education! Most local community colleges are open to anyone in the area with a high school diploma or GED. You can start taking classes at a community college and then transfer to a 4-year university upon completion of your associate’s degree; your most recent transcripts in this case will be much more important than your standardized test scores. With these strategies, you’ll be sure to find a college solution that works for you even if your test scores don’t seem stellar. Key Takeaways The lowest possible SAT score is 400 on a 1600-point scale, but you’re very unlikely to get this score unless you leave every question on the test blank. How low your score can be for college applications depends on what colleges you are applying to. More selective schools will expect higher scores, while many local public universities and small liberal arts schools will accept scores on the lower end of the scale. There are colleges that accept low SAT scores. Based on your scores, you should select safety, match, and reach schools to apply to. If you haven’t taken the SAT yet, you can also figure out a goal score based on schools you are already interested in. If your score seems too low for any school you’re interested in, there are several things you could do: Retake the SAT Take the ACT Figure out if you need testing accommodations Apply to less selective schools Apply to test-alternative or test-optional schools Go to community college (a great option if you are worried that your scores are too low, period.) So what is the minimum SAT score for college? My final answer is that there’s really no SAT score too low for higher education- you may just need to take an alternative path to get there! There are lots of ways to get where you want to go! What's Next? Struggling with a low SAT score? We've got some tips on improving lower section scores forReading, Writing, and Math. If you have low standardized test scores but a high GPA, here are some prep strategies specifically for you. Looking for colleges? Here are colleges with guaranteed admissions thresholds for certain test scores.Or see our guide to researching colleges. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Finance project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance project - Assignment Example An analysis of the financial forecasts presented gives an insight into the financial requirements of the project. Suitable methods of project evaluation such as Net Present Value method, Internal rate of Return and Profitability Index approaches can be used to evaluate this project. Decision making by the Board of Directors can be based on one, two or all of the above methods. Determination of the cost of capital is significant as this will give the discounting rate to be used to discount the cash flows expected from the project. A rate of 8 percent is determined using the dividend growth rate model. This rate is adjusted to incorporate the risk factor present in the business. The risk adjusted discounting rate is therefore 11 percent. Depreciation is calculated using the MACRS approach of General Depreciation System. The rates are as prescribed in Table A-1 (US Treasury 946). A depreciation tax shield is calculated based on the depreciation values and this is added back as a benefit. The NPV approach gives a Net Present Value of $ 20,893,000. Therefore, the project should be implemented as it promises a positive NPV. Financially, the project is viable. If the funds obtained were non-interest bearing, the project would be financially viable under this approach. Under the Internal Rate of Return method, the PV of all future incomes are compared against the Initial investment and the discounting rate which equates the two represents the IRR. It is that discounting rate which yield a zero NPV. From the financial data obtained, the rate is determined as 11.48%. This is above the investors’ required rate of 8% and the risk adjusted rate of 11%. The project therefore will generate a higher return and should therefore be implemented. Using the Profitability index approach, the PI of the project is more than 1 and therefore viable. It yields a PI of 1.16. The project should therefore be implemented on this

China as a super power Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

China as a super power - Term Paper Example On March 4, 2007, China announced that it was going to increase its military to a total of 45 billion dollars (Tkacik, 2007). This was the biggest annual increase in China’s military budget; however, China was quick to reassure the world that there was no need to worry by calling the increment normal. A further look into this increment indicated that China has an intention to challenge the United States’ military supremacy. This could lead to a situation where China is the United States’ single competitor with regard to influence and military supremacy. China’s air force and space activity is on the rise. The army in China has got roughly 300 Russian fourth generation flankers; it has also got several homemade Jian-11 planes and 76 Sukhoi multi-role fighter jets. Russia and Israel assisted the Chinese air force in procuring 50 Jian-10 fighter jets. These jets were based on the United States F-16 technology. China has intentions to build more of these plane s. China has increased its production and deployment of the short-range ballistic missiles which are said to be aimed at Taiwan. This production has grown from 50 per year in 1990s to 150 missiles annually today. The industries that produce such missiles in China are said to grow at the same pace. In general, China’s rocket soldiers and its air force are expanding at an unprecedented pace. According to China’s 2006 White Paper, there is evidence that China is moving to offensive. This military might of China is growing from regional to trans-regional mobility. The air to ground military capacity has also grown, including long distance maneuvers and exceptional operations. The Chinese navy has grown in strength into a force that can operate in the maritime operations and can ably handle nuclear counterattacks. The Chinese air force has continued to increase its capabilities to strike, tried to procure air and missile defense shield systems and is looking into more offen sive and defensive operations. All these are an early warning shot of the Chinese reconnaissance. According to a report by Congress, China’s policy is now global and extremely bold. China has always been underrated and many times the United States said that China has not acquired the status of a super power. Thomas Jefferson, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, observed that the United States had to trade all over the world if it had to become a global power economically. Beijing’s assessment is that it has grown to the extent that its economic growth depends on foreign markets. This also includes the natural resources from other countries around the world. China‘s economy has been growing rapidly, and China is seeking military might that can protect this growth. This is similar to Jefferson’s observation that the United Stated had to build its military strength if it was to safeguard its military strength globally. It seems that the rise of the Pe ople’s Republic of China is both legitimate and inevitable (McLean, 2007). However, according to Condoleezza Rice, the former Secretary of State of the United States, the US needs to help China operate within the international rules framework before it has fully acquires the status of a military super power. Many view the rise of China as an exceedingly dangerous happening. Why does Bleicher think the fears are overblown? According to Samuel Bleicher, the idea that China is an emerging super power is a creation of the media. He believes s that

Aviation Meterorology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aviation Meterorology - Essay Example The state run Lao Airline is one of the airlines that have witnessed an accident blamed on bad weather. This discourse seeks to analyze the Lao plane crash in the context of the meteological factors. Airplane crashes are a rare occurrence all over the world. Gorham (2013) attributes this to the fact that it is the safest mode of transport today with a lot of safety measures instilled within the industry. Any airplane accident regardless of how small it may be tends to attract a lot of public attention. The media, for example, tend to focus much on airplane accidents more than any other accident. This is because it is a very rare occurrence (NASA, 2011). Nevertheless, like the other transport means, airplanes also do experience mishaps resulting in accidents. As earlier mentioned most airplane accidents are very tragic with a minimal chance of survival. The recent Lao Plane crash that killed all 44 passengers on board plus the five plane crews is a case in point (news.com.au, 2013). Reports indicate that poor weather has been one of the the leading causes of airplane accidents. The ATR-72-600 passenger airplane operated by the Lao Airline crashed on October 16, 2013. The accident has been blamed on poor weather. Spamer (2013) notes that on the fateful day, the Lao Airline departed from Vientiane, Laos to Pakse, Laos. The airplane had 44 passengers on board at the time and five crews. In total, the airplane carried 49 people and was en route to Pakse. Unfortunately, the plane crashed in poor weather before landing at Pakse (Head, 2013). Reports indicate that scheduled flight was delayed at Nari because of a heavy tropical storm that had hit the central and southern provinces of the country. After waiting for the weather to clear, the plane finally took off en route to its destination. Eyewitnesses indicated that the ATR 72 plane was just about to land on Pakse’s runway 15 in very poor weather but could not

Shared Cultural Experiencres Shape our Identity Essay

Shared Cultural Experiencres Shape our Identity - Essay Example For that to happen, a general view has to be created in the mind of a person. Since every person is an individual, these views are not exactly true and thus they are stereotypes. The image created in ones mind about some other people is what that person will hold true until he/she learns otherwise. Shared cultural experiences go a long way in trying to demystify stereotypes. They provide further information in a more accurate manner than the stereotypes which are mostly assumptions. Television, for example, gives people a lot of information concerning other cultures and helps a great deal in shaping ones individual identity. It is therefore not wrong when we say that it affects the construction of individual identity. As the adage goes, â€Å"no man is an island†. This means those human beings are social in nature and live in groups. The group that one identifies with can be said to be his/her culture. It is therefore likely for that individual to possess characteristics which are particular to that group. Every human being possesses certain characteristics unique to them only. Through interaction people are able to learn about others and thus end the stereotypes which they hold against the others. In today’s world, this happens through the media very much. There are common beliefs in the west that in Africa, there is no civilization and people live in caves and other such places. When an individual who holds such a believe watches television and sees cities that are in Africa which are just like the ones found in the west, this person’s believe changes out of learning this new bit of information. This change is as a result of the individual having true information as stereotypes are based majorly on assumptions which are rarely true. Shared cultural experiences are those things that are used across cultures and they are not associated with any one culture. These are things like music, movies and many others. A Stereotype is accepted to be true due to lack of information concerning the certain thing to which the prejudice is directed towards (Nelson, 2009). Through shared experiences, one can understand other people from an individual level and thus eliminate any existing thoughts about the person. In a class, for example, there might exist a prejudice that a certain group of individuals is expedient in a certain field of study. With such premeditated thoughts if one is not from that particular group, he/she may always believe that he can not perform better than those individuals. Through interaction with those other people who are believed to be better, one may get the confidence and thus desire to perform equally well. If this person emerges top, of the class the stereotype will have been broken. If this happens, it will have been instigated by the sharing of a cultural experience between individuals of different cultures. When studying human behavior, it is believed that it is shaped by what one believes thus peopl e will behave differently when in the company of certain individuals. If what makes this person behave in a certain manner is not true, then this person shall be understood wrongly. Some stereotypes can make people, from say a minority group; think that they are inferior to others. When cultural experiences are shared between individuals from the superior and inferior cultures, this stereotype can be mystified. By doing

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model - Research Paper Example The research paper "Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model" overviews the various outputs of organizations and the ways in which they interact cohesively, in an endeavor to realize the firms’ set objectives. The outputs of an organization fall under three key categories. These include the individual, group and organizational stages. Nadler-Tushman’s theory highlights the process in which various firms acquire and utilize inputs into various outputs. This is usually through a transformation process that serves as an intermediary between inputs and outputs. Besides, the outputs may also fall under the classifications of the work, the people, and the official and informal organizations. In addition, various firms may measure their output, and assess whether the firm is performing and achieving its set goals. As such, the firm knows its economic position and makes resolutions whether to implement change in various non-performing departments. Outputs may also pertain to the mode in which a firm creates products and services, and the efficiency of a firm’s productivity, in their endeavor to accrue revenue. According to Nadler and Tushman, all inputs ought to be applied cohesively, in order for them to change into outputs. Various factors may affect the output of an organization at the individual level. These may include the non-commitment of various individuals within the firm. For example, some individuals may feel unmotivated, and thereby behave in a way that drastically affects the performance and effectiveness of a firm. (Burke, 2010). This is usually through tardiness, non-attendance, among others that lead to low production output of the firm (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). As a result, firms ought to mull over ways that inspire workers, in an attempt to boost their ultimate performance. Besides, some non-performing employees ought to be laid aside, whereas the performing employees ought to receive recognition, in order to enhance their efficiency and productivity. Besides, interactions among diverse groups within a firm have a significant effect on the firm’s objective attainment (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). Various firms have experienced intergroup conflicts that have led to severe losses within the organizations (Burke, 2010). This might have resulted from uneven distribution of resources within the firm, and failure of management to recognize the performing departments within the organ

Transition from Middle to High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transition from Middle to High School - Essay Example In support of evidence-based practices, various Web-based collections of "best practices'" are now available, but not all programs included in such databases have been rigorously tested. Three databases that included programs broad enough to be useful in a school setting were selected. Criteria to screen and then assess available studies were used according to the process set out by the Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre {EPPI-Centre) for non quantitative review's-search, screen, describe, map and refine and appraise and synthesize'. The author has also provided a clear paragraph on the method used for screening and the criteria used for exclusion and inclusion as well. The research findings of the article have highlighted that after 246 programs were located and the initial screening criteria were met, almost 242 were excluded based on the criteria. The four which were left out are as follows: '( I ) School Transitional Environmental Program (STEP); (2) Skills, Opportunity, and recognition (SOAR), formerly Seattle Social Development Project; (3) Positive Action through Holistic Education (Project PATHE), and (4) Fast Track. The results of applying the inclusion criteria are presented in Table I'. A detailed analysis of each of the four has also been provided in the article. The author has provided a very clear and concise discussi

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model - Research Paper Example The research paper "Outputs of Nadler-Tushman Model" overviews the various outputs of organizations and the ways in which they interact cohesively, in an endeavor to realize the firms’ set objectives. The outputs of an organization fall under three key categories. These include the individual, group and organizational stages. Nadler-Tushman’s theory highlights the process in which various firms acquire and utilize inputs into various outputs. This is usually through a transformation process that serves as an intermediary between inputs and outputs. Besides, the outputs may also fall under the classifications of the work, the people, and the official and informal organizations. In addition, various firms may measure their output, and assess whether the firm is performing and achieving its set goals. As such, the firm knows its economic position and makes resolutions whether to implement change in various non-performing departments. Outputs may also pertain to the mode in which a firm creates products and services, and the efficiency of a firm’s productivity, in their endeavor to accrue revenue. According to Nadler and Tushman, all inputs ought to be applied cohesively, in order for them to change into outputs. Various factors may affect the output of an organization at the individual level. These may include the non-commitment of various individuals within the firm. For example, some individuals may feel unmotivated, and thereby behave in a way that drastically affects the performance and effectiveness of a firm. (Burke, 2010). This is usually through tardiness, non-attendance, among others that lead to low production output of the firm (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). As a result, firms ought to mull over ways that inspire workers, in an attempt to boost their ultimate performance. Besides, some non-performing employees ought to be laid aside, whereas the performing employees ought to receive recognition, in order to enhance their efficiency and productivity. Besides, interactions among diverse groups within a firm have a significant effect on the firm’s objective attainment (Stonehouse & Campbell, 2004). Various firms have experienced intergroup conflicts that have led to severe losses within the organizations (Burke, 2010). This might have resulted from uneven distribution of resources within the firm, and failure of management to recognize the performing departments within the organ

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant on Suicide Essay

Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant on Suicide - Essay Example Whether this number of suicide cases is reasonable or not, it is assumed that when the act was committed and even only at that point, an individual had considered suicide as the most reasonable means of surviving the situation, and that the number of people who accept such an idea may in fact be increasing. The 18th century philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant constructed ethical principles that determined the rightness or wrongness of suicide. The act of suicide is not moral based on the ethical principles authored by Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant. Bentham’s philosophy is defined by the value of the action in terms of utility, which roughly translates as human benefit, and so suicide does not give a person any material benefit in the long run for it almost always results in death. For the British philosopher, the moral basis of an action is how much utility it affords the individual. This translates as pleasure and avoidance of pain according to â€Å"its intensi ty, its duration, its certainty or uncertainty, its propinquity or remoteness† (Perry & Bratham 485). Most people would contend that suicide may bring the individual peace and freedom from any more physical pain as he dies. However, committing suicide is also through pain itself, which is never a benefit to the individual. The intensity and duration of the act of suicide must be equivalent to the intensity and duration of pain that the person will experience. ... After all, there is no guarantee that there is no more spiritual pain and torment in the afterlife even if death meant the cessation of all physical pain. Thus, suicide is not moral because it does not truly give the guarantee that one is freed from pain just because one dies. After all, there is no authentic proof that the afterlife is a life of eternal goodness and pleasure. Moreover, suicide is not moral because it is followed by undesirable circumstances. For Bentham, an act is moral also if it is followed by sensations of the same kind, which is known as fecundity, or if it is not being followed by sensations of the opposite kind, which is known as purity (485). In terms of fecundity, no one can really be sure about suicide as its usual consequence is death. However, based on Bentham’s definition of fecundity, the sensations of pain from suicide may actually be followed by more pain in the afterlife or in the physical life if the person did not actually die. On the other hand, when it comes to purity of action, even if the suicide were painless, there is no guarantee that there is no more pain for the individual in the afterlife. Moreover, there must even be a lot of pain that he would leave in the physical world. There is therefore no escape from pain when it comes to suicide, thus it is not a moral act. Suicide is also not moral because it negatively affects many people. For Bentham, one last basis of the morality of an act is its â€Å"extent† or the number of people who are affected by it (485). This means that the person who dies from suicide leaves behind family members and friends who would grieve his death or who would suffer in this world because of him. For example, if he were a doctor

The Importance of Teachers in Fostering Students’ Creativity Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Teachers in Fostering Students’ Creativity Essay The Importance of Teachers in Fostering Students’ Creativity Teacher attitudes, beliefs and classroom practices are deemed to be of crucial influence in the development of students’ creativity; however the importance of promoting creativity in schools is a controversial topic. There’s no doubt about it. Creativity is as natural and necessary for children as fresh air! By exposing our young learners to creative experiences, we give them the gift of a rich and memorable school experience while laying the foundation for a lifetime of creative expression and important learning skills that are essential at the individual, social, and global levels of society. Creativity is found in the obvious subjects such as art and music, but can also be found in science and play. We automatically associate creative thinking with art, music, dance, and drama. However, we must recognize that creative thinking can be found in all aspects of a child? life and can be learned and used daily. Creativity is important at so many levels of our society, including both the individual and the social levels. For example, at the individual level creativity is relevant to solving real life problems. At the social level, creative individuals pioneer progress in science and technology and the beauty in arts. Furthermore, creativity is important at the global level. Creative accomplishments help to build a more interactive world that fortifies human civilization. In fact, Starko argues that humans would have no advancement in art, literature, science or invention if human creativity did not exist. Ironically educators frequently teach students about creative and eminent people, but ignore teaching methods that foster students’ creative thinking in the classroom. The importance of the school’s role in the development of students’ creativity has been highlighted in many studies regarding creativity. The classroom is construed to open new pathways in children’s creativity (Cropley, 1994; Sternbeg, 1999; Starko, 1995). Therefore, teachers must play important roles to enhance the components of student’s creativity. Unfortunately, often times we are faced with a significant problem: What happens if this teacher is not a real leader? In education, as in so many other areas of society, new kinds of organizations and models of leadership are needed. Organization and leadership are symbiotic; meaning one cannot thrive without the other. The work of new leaders is precisely to help create such new organizational models through new models of leadership. But what constitutes leadership in education? The word education comes from the Latin word educare meaning, â€Å"To lead out of†. Therefore, we could argue that to study education is to study leadership and educators must be leaders by definition. There are many reasons as to why teachers have not assumed the appropriate leadership roles necessary in schools and education. First of all, there has been confusion between the meaning of leadership and that of management supervision and administration. Historically, â€Å"professional† teachers were not only expected to obey their superiors and restrain from questioning authority, but also were expected to view their calling as a vocation – not primarily a career. A â€Å"good† teacher was expected to stay in the classroom and teach the students, motivate them, and encourage their creativity no less than a â€Å"good woman† was expected to stay at home and take care of the children. Teachers themselves need to become agents of change in order to fulfill the necessary role of leader in the classroom. For example, engaging in collaborative activities and personal reflection could help them be a good leader. The behavior of the teacher and whether or not they have assumed the role of leader has a significant influence on students’ creative thinking in the classroom. It is incredibly important that a teacher is aware of one’s own behavior and the environment they create in the classroom. For example, the teacher must act as a positive role model, since the behaviors that the teacher displays shape the behaviors students develop. Also, the teacher must build a classroom atmosphere that allows for creativity to flourish. This could be an atmosphere that is constructively responsive to unusual ideas. Finally, the teacher must put forward an effort to reward and foster students’ creativity through instructional activities. These three aspects of the teacher’s role in the classroom reflect personality (e. g. openness), intellectual (e. g. creativity), and knowledge prerequisites (e. g. instructional knowledge) that a teacher needs to foster creativity in their students. Unfortunately, many teachers are not prepared to foster creativity or simply do not value creativity in the classroom, which leads to problems among creative children. Some behavioral and personality traits that are common among creative children include, impulsiveness, nonconformist, disorganized, adventurous and imaginative. In general, teachers have a negative view of the characteristics associated with creativity, and therefore could be the root of teachers’ unwillingness to foster creativity in the classroom. If a teacher is a real leader and has sufficient knowledge about â€Å"creativity†, one can modify his/her relationship with these students. There are many ways to modify content, process, learning environment, and products that are challenging for creative students; nonetheless, teachers are slow to integrate modifications into their teaching learning practices because of administration problems. Regarding content and process modifications, if we consider all learning activities valuable for fostering the creativity of children; we can perceive the importance of independent learning and collaboration for creativity. Starko states that a classroom environment that supports universal ideas provides freedom of thought and freedom of choice and is conclusive to creative achievement. In conclusion, we can see that teachers who respect children’s ideas succeed in helping them learn to think and solve problems for themselves. Children who feel free to make mistakes, explore, and experiment, will also feel free to invent, create, and find new ways to do things. The side benefit is that fostering creativity in our classroom makes teaching more rewarding and fun and gives children a zest for imagining and learning that could last a lifetime.

Technology impact on social interactions

Technology impact on social interactions Technology can have positive and negative impact on social interactions With the proliferation of technologies that are able to overcome the obstacles of time and space (e.g., airplanes, cars, the Internet), one would think that these tools would be used to gain an understanding of other cultures, meet people all over the world, maintain and strengthen familial relationships, communicate effectively with others, and help people to become more socially adept. However, some technological advances cause people to be distracted, overly stressed, and increasingly isolated. Many people are involved in an abundant number of relationships through technology, but sometimes the quantity of these associations leaves people feeling qualitatively empty. Obviously, technology has had a profound impact on what it means to be social. Society is likely on the cusp of a social revolution, during which it will be important to redefine socially appropriate and acceptable behaviors (with regard to digital or virtual interaction). We are at a point in history where very few people have given critical thought to new social realities created by technology and what those realities mean for the individual and society. In this section we closely examine a few social technologies that influence leisure. The section first looks at virtual communities, social networking sites, and today’s communication tools. Then we critically reflect on gaming and television. Think about how each technology affects your social life and social skills. Keep in mind that these are only a few of the technologies that may affect you socially. A comprehensive list is not feasible here. A study of students and information technology found that 85 percent of undergraduates surveyed used social networking sites (Salaway et al., 2008) (see figure 8.2). Many of the respondents reported using such sites daily. Figure 8.3 indicates how undergraduate students use social networking sites. This report found indications that use of these sites is increasing yearly. Let us now look critically at whether this trend is positive. The use of social networking sites has both positive and negative consequences. It is amazing how someone can find a long-lost friend through a social networking site, enabling them to reconnect. In a society where people have become quite mobile and family and friends are often geographically separated, it is convenient to keep in touch through technology. However, one need not look far to find problems associated with social networking sites. There is a lively debate about whether Internet addictions are real. To me it appears to be a real problem (perception is often reality in a social context) with which people have to grapple. Some assert that these Web sites contributed to cheating on significant others, often leading to divorce. People have been fired from their jobs or put under pressure because they use these sites at work or because something is posted on a site that undermined the person’s professional standing. Although divorce and loss of employment are serious issues, perhaps they are not as common as other problems that have the potential to stem from social networking sites. Narcissism—excessive interest in one’s appearance and in oneself—is sometimes manifested on social networking sites. These Web sites have been found to be an avenue for people to display their narcissistic traits online (Buffardi Campbell, 2008). I often wonder whether people use these sites to display their popularity to the world rather than use them as a vehicle to develop meaningful relationships. Creating meaningful relationships is often about sharing our lives with others, and technology can allow us to do so through photos, videos, text, and music. In conducting research for my doctoral dissertation, I looked at how eight senior citizens used technology and how it affected their lives. My hope was to find that they used technology to stay in touch with friends, family, and people with similar interests. Although the participants did use e-mail to stay in touch with family and friends, almost all of the study participants talked about how vapid chat rooms and discussion boards seemed to be. Most had tried chatting a few times and then gave up because they viewed it as a waste of time (similar reasons were given by undergraduates in the ECAR study who did not use social networking sites). However, one participant was a chat room monitor for a fantasy baseball site. As he spent more time in that chat room he began to realize that it was not as shallow as he first imagined. Pe ople were in that virtual community because of a shared or common interest. Gradually he got to know people and care about their lives. He was eventually able to meet some of these new, online friends in person and said they connected as if they had known each other for years. While working on my dissertation I visited many chat rooms and discussion boards that catered to older adults. After visiting many such sites, I began to be discouraged because of the inane nature of many of the conversations. However, I stumbled on one online discussion board in which two World War II veterans wrote about their experiences in the war. They also lamented the fact that where they lived, there were no more veterans of that war left. They felt alone and isolated, but this chat room was a forum where they fit in again. They were able to share similar interests and experiences. Perhaps overcoming a sense of isolation is one of the greatest features of online communities and virtual worlds. Someone might feel like an outcast in her own community or family but might find someone online with similar hobbies, pursuits, and interests. Consider someone who enjoys photography as a serious leisure pursuit. This person would be able to share that passion with people all over the world by using the Internet and its powerful tools (e-mail, video chat, discussion boards, online video, family Web sites). However, simply sharing common interests and pursuits with people through technology does not necessarily have a positive impact on social skills and social development. Gaming and Social Development Gaming is an instance where you may encounter potentially serious social setbacks. I lead a group of Boy Scouts who share a love of a certain online virtual world game. This game seems to be all they talk about. When given other opportunities for deep, respectful, meaningful conversation, these boys are sometimes rather inept. Although linking their online gaming to poor social skills might be spurious, studies show negative social impacts of some video games. One study tested whether high exposure to video games increased aggression over time. It was found that playing violent video games is a significant risk factor for later physical aggression in both Japan and the United States—for boys and girls (Anderson et al., 2008). However, linking video games to poor social skills and behaviors often misses the bigger picture. People might participate in other activities (take football, for example) in which the social problems that arise from the activity may be the same or even worse than those of gaming. Evidently it is not enough to simply blame the medium. In fact, in many instances, gaming may aid in relationship building. The 13th Annual MediaWise Video Game Report Card (Walsh Gentile, 2008) indicated that 75 percent of gamers play with other people. Since my family received a Wii as a gift, we have spent countless hours of enjoyment playing together. Naturally, overindulgence in this one activity would have deleterious results, but the limited time we do spend playing together seems to strengthen our family. Television and Social Development Television is another technology that has mixed reviews with regard to social skills and social lives. Some researchers suggest that spending a limited amount of time watching wholesome programs can strengthen families and friendships. Others believe that television contributes to the downfall of social values in this country. It does seem that many people spend less time with others in their community than they do with the people they watch daily on television. Television tends to be a passive medium, which requires little skill and thought on our part (although some programming bucks this trend). Therefore, television provides little opportunity for meaningful interaction while watching. Watchers simply sit there and ingest what is presented to them without having to respond or react to another person. Obviously this can have serious effects on people’s social skills because viewers are not practicing how to relate to and deal with other people. Exposure to what is viewed on television can have some other serious effects on people’s social lives. For example, exposure to television shows with sexual content may increase the chance of teen pregnancy (see figure 8.4) (Chandra et al., 2008). Furthermore, when some people see violence, sex, and all manner of lasciviousness on television, they may be prone to mimic the behavior and think that it is acceptable. Were everyone to copy the social behaviors portrayed on television, our society would lack morals, and many levels of individuals’ lives would be destroyed. It is apparent that technology has the potential to harm or enhance your social skills and social life. The key is to analyze how technology affects you socially. Do technologies help you build positive, meaningful relationships, or do technologies hinder this process? Are you better able to communicate, listen, and share because of the technologies in your life? Do you use technologies to improve your relationships and build new ones? Are you letting a few choice people know who you are and what you contribute to this world, or are you merely distracting yourself with shallow pursuits? Does technology increase or decrease your concern for others, your compassion for others, and your desire to serve them? Such are the critical questions regarding technology and social development. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/positive-effects-of-technology-on-society.html Positive Effects of Technology on Society Technology runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has definitely benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. Automation brought about by technology has saved human effort and time to a large extent. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has made the world a smaller place to live in. Let us look at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change. Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household: Technology has automated many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. Imagine the amount of labor that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of automation did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the boredom of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be spending doing household chores during the time there w ere no machines and household appliances. Its better not imagined. Todays is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of Transport: The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. Time has witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of transport in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The idea of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave rise to the creation of cars. Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human Life: Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either because they are ri sky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial intelligence has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration. Data Management and Information Retrieval: Computer technology, needless to say, has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and manage huge amounts of data. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have given rise to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from computer networking concepts is the most effective communication platform and the largest information base existing today. Impact on the Entertainment and Advertising Industries: The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and advertising industries. Over the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses within seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to watch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and user-friendly devices, all this has become really easy. Onset of the Digital Age: Theres hardly anything analog now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. Talk pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compact form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is! Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, thus bettering user experience with technology. Communication Redefined: Cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest means to connect. Owing to developments in technology, communication is wireless. Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. Satellite Technology: Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite radio have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio, even communication to ships and airplanes wouldnt have been possible if not for satellite communication. Even you r hand-held devices wouldnt be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few fields influenced by technology. It is almost impossible to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on the whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improved the quality of human life. Theres less risk, less effort, less mess. Theres more leisure, more ease and more speed all because of that ten-letter word not a word, a phenomenon technology.  

Democracy Essay example -- essays research papers

Democracy may be a word familiar to most, but still I would like to mention the fact that demos means pertaining to people and kratios means to rule. Thus this word original coined by the Greeks means rule of people as a whole and not by an individual or a privileged soul. It is a concept still misunderstood and misused in some parts of the world where totalitarian regimes and dictatorships have witnessed popular support by usurping democratic labels like in Iraq and Pakistan. By the dictionary definition, democracy is government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. In a famous phrase of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.Freedom and democracy are often used in place of each other, but the two are not the same. True, democracy is a set of ideas and principles about freedom, but it also consists of a set of pract ices and procedures that have been founded through a long history. In short, democracy is the institutionalization of freedom. For this reason, any society must possess time-tested fundamentals of constitutional government, human rights, and equality before the law to be properly called democratic. Democracies can be typified into two fundamental categories, direct and representative. In a direct democracy, all individuals, without the elected or appointed officials, can participate in making public decisions. This system however seems to be impractical possible only with relatively small numbers of people, say for example in a community organization, village of a developing country, tribal council, or the local unit of a labor union, where members can meet in a single room to discuss issues and arrive at decisions by consensus or majority vote. In rural India the head of such committees are called pancha and the place where issues for a small population of the concerned area are discussed is called panchayat.These meetings are held mostly under a village tree with the maximum number of people who can physically gather in one place and practice direct democracy.Modern society, with its enormous size, complexities and ramifications offers few avenues for direct democracy. Today, the most common form of democracy, whether for a town of 50,000 or nations of 50 million, is represe... ...titutional provisions to intervene in the administration of the States. The response of the Central Union Government to the growing economic and political crisis in India has been in terms of greater centralization strategies and interventions.Another equally important limitation of the Indian parliamentary democracy has been that below the state level it was not mandatory to have elected bodies at district, sub district or local level till 1994. In other words it was a system of parliamentary democracy at the central and state levels and bureaucratic governance at the lower levels. Grass root level democracy visualized in terms of selfreliant and selfgoverning villages was an important nationalist ideal. When the new constitution was framed, elected local bodies at the local levels were not made part of the mandatory structure of government, but enshrined in the Directive Principles of the constitution. By and large the Indian democracy is still in a phase of evolution and chang e. It seems that the concept of democracy is interpreted in a subjective manner and changes in nations from time to time according to the whims and fancies of the contemporary affluent and powerful people.

Pdhpe Essay- Sports Medicine

Physical preparation is very important to enhance the well-being of an athlete and to ensure that it keeps the players fit and injury free during a long season of sport. Physical preparation involves ensuring the body is prepared for an activity that it is to be involved in. Proper physical preparation is a major aspect in the prevention of sports injuries. There are many ways that a coach of a sports team can utilise physical preparation to enhance the wellbeing of the players.The preparation techniques include; conducting pre-screening, promoting particular skills and techniques that are required, developing physical fitness and following sufficient warm-up, stretching and cool-down procedures. Pre-screening is the first step to physical preparation for a sport or some sort of physical activity. It is an important preventative measure that is to be done before beginning an exercise. Pre-screening is done so that the coach/head person can determine the athlete’s current fitne ss level, goals and also to become familiar with the athlete’s medical history.This source of physical preparation is usually completed prior to joining a team sport e. g. Basketball, soccer, cricket, boxing and so on. It is also completed when joining a fitness club/organisation such as; a gym, aerobics, water aerobics, zumba and so on. Pre-screening allows exercise programs to be modified to the needs of the individual and with pre-screening being done, the coach will be able to know whats going on with each player because he will know the individuals medical history, health status, previous experience in physical activity and what their aiming to achieve.It will help the coach to know where the players’ weakness and strengths are, and what areas they’re struggling with. The next physical preparation method is skill and technique. Many sports injuries occur due to poor skill or technique. To ensure that athletes remain fit and active with no injury, the coach of the sports club needs to encourage appropriate skill and correct technique. The coach is responsible to ensure that the players they’re in charge of are capable with the basic skills of the game, especially those relevant to self-protection. Poor skill and technique could cause major injuries to an individual, e. . a soccer player who is constantly running/jogging across the field and doesn’t wear appropriate footwear; it will cause them to have stress fractures in the foot. If the coach encourages the players to wear appropriate footwear and safety equipment, along with learning the basic competent skills, then it will keep players injury-free during the long season. With this technique, the coach needs to be aware of other certain conditions and situations that may be hard to avoid and will need to modify the game location or other aspects affecting it such as wet conditions and slippery surfaces.The coach has a very important role to play in ensuring the safe mov ement of the athlete through the different stages of learning a skill. Another main important aspect of physical preparation is being physically active. The coach and players can work together and prevent injuries by placing special importance on developing the physical components specific to their activities. For example, a netballer needs to work on their speed, agility, coordination and strength in the legs. To develop their physical fitness level, the coach needs to do intense training sessions with the players to build their physical component skills.Coaches also have other things to be looking out for such as individuals who need specific physical preparation for various reasons which include; a previous injury, a medical condition, a disability, an identified personal playing weakness. Coaches and trainers need to be aware of these individual needs, and must provide for these differences in their physical preparation programs. For e. g. if a tennis player has a tennis elbow, you will have to work around them to not make it worse. One other physical preparation technique that is highly significant is ‘Warm-up, stretching and cool-down’.A warm-up prior to starting any physical activity prepares and heats your body up for physical training or competition. The coach should ensure that the warm-up routine focuses on the muscles and movements relevant to the activity. Also the coach should ensure that the warm-up period should last between 20 and 35 minutes. It is very important to encourage a warm-up routine before a physical activity to prevent injuries. This is done by increasing body and muscle temperature, stretch ligaments and muscles to allow greater flexibility.After a basic warm-up, the coach must make sure of a stretching routine for 10-15 minutes. If stretching is done properly, it will outcome in increased length of muscle, reduce muscle tension, increase blood circulation and improve joint movement. When stretching, the coach should encourage both the two types of stretching which are static and PNF stretching to get the best results. Then the final 10-15 minutes of the warm-up, the coach should involve more intense exercises such as sharp sprints, agility movements, modified games and skill/technique drills.For e. g. in soccer, it would be appropriate to do a dribbling activity. Finally, a cool-down routine is critical in physical preparation. Reason for this being, a cool-down is to help the body to change from the intense activity back to a normal state. A coach should ensure that a cool-down routine is followed after any physical activity because it will reduce muscle soreness and tightness and that will allow the athlete to recover more quickly. The coach should make the cool-down routine run for 2 minutes of jogging followed by 3-5 minutes of walking.A coach needs to obey and follow all the areas of physical preparation to keep his players injury-free for long seasons and thoroughly prepared to perform to their best of their ability. To get the best outcome possible, the coach will have to encourage each of these areas and to do it properly. All the above aspects are all as important as each other. You can’t do some and ignore the others, to be physically prepared and hope for no un-necessary injuries, you have to perform all the components required of physical preparation; otherwise you will develop injuries that could have been prevented.